CHANGING SENTENCE-II BY IRFAN SIR

 

 

 

CHANGING

SENTENCE-II

BY IRFAN SIR

 

 

 

 

 

     

Segment-2

Transformation : Sentence As Structure

Avgiv Rvwb, MVbMZfv‡e (Structurally) Sentence wZb cÖKvi| h_v :

(i)     Simple (mij)

(ii)    Complex (RwUj)

(iii)   Compound (†hŠwMK)

       Simple Sentence n‡jv †h Sentence-G GKwU gvÎ Clause _v‡K| hw`I GKwU gvÎ Clause _vK‡j Zv‡K Avi Clause ejv nq bv eis Zv‡K Sentence-B ejv n‡q _v‡K|

       Complex Sentence n‡jv †h Sentence-G `ywU Clause _v‡K| Z‡e Clause `ywU GKwUi Ici Av‡iKwU wbf©ikxj _v‡K| GKwUi Ici Av‡iKwU Clause wbf©ikxj Ki‡Z n‡j Clause `ywU‡K GKwU Sub-ordinate Conjunction Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq|

       Compound Sentence n‡jv †h Sentence-G `ywU Clause _v‡K| Z‡e Clause `ywUB ¯^vaxb _v‡K| Dfq Clause-†K ¯^vaxb ivLvi Rb¨ Clause `ywU‡K GKwU Co-ordinating Conjunction Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq|

       Dc‡ii msÁvMy‡jvi †cÖw¶‡Z wZbwU wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi AeKvk _v‡K|

(i)     Clause Kx?

(ii)    Sub-ordinate Conjunction Kx Ges †KvbMy‡jv?

(iii)   Co-ordinate Conjunction Kx Ges †KvbMy‡jv?

(iv)   Finite verb

(v)    Non-finite verb

       Clause (evK¨vsk) : Clause n‡jv GKwU ev‡K¨i ZZUzKz Ask hZUzKzi g‡a¨ GKwU Subject I GKwU Finite Verb _v‡K| Z‡e we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î Subject Uv Dn¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Subject Dn¨ _vKv gv‡b Subject bv _vKv bq|

       Sub-ordinating Conjunction : †hme Conjunction `ywU Clause-†K hy³ K‡i, GKwU‡K AciwUi Ici wbf©ikxj K‡i †Zv‡j Zv‡`i‡K Sub-ordinating Conjunction e‡j| Sub-ordinating Conjunction My‡jv n‡jv- when, as, since, because, that, if, so that, who, which, what, where, though, although, as if, as though, while, till, until, unless BZ¨vw`|

       Coordinating Conjunction : †hme Conjunction `ywU Clause-†K hy³ K‡i DfqwU ¯^vaxb iv‡L Zv‡`i‡K Co-ordinating Conjunction e‡j| Co-ordinating Conjunction My‡jv n‡jv¾ and, but, or, either-or, neither-nor, both Ges not only – but also BZ¨vw`|

       Finite Verb (mgvwcKv wµqv) : Finite Verb n‡jv GKwU Verb Gi †mB iƒc hvi Øviv †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨i fve m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk cvq|

       Nonfinite Verb (AmgvwcKv wµqv) : Nonfinite Verb n‡jv GKwU Verb-Gi †mB iƒc hvi Øviv †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨i fve        m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk cvq bv|

Simple, Complex, Compound Kivi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq linking word-Gi chart :

No	Complex	Simple	Compound
1	Noun+ Relative pronoun + verb Ex: I have a brother who reads in Rajdhani Ideal College.	Noun + Relative Pronoun + verbing Ex: I have a brother who reading in Rajdhani Ideal College.	and Ex: I have a brother and he read’s in Rajdhani Ideal College.
2	Noun + relative pronoun + be + adj/ participle Ex: I saw a man who was walking in the field. Ex: I want a shirt which is black.	Noun + Relative Pronoun + Be + adj/participle phrase Ex: I saw a man who was walking in the field. Ex: I want a black shirt.	-----and------ I saw a man and he was walking in the field. Ex: I want a shirt and it is black.
3	Though  Ex: Though he worked hard, he did not pass the exam.	In spite of/ Despite Ex: In spite of/ Despite his working hard, he did not pass the exam.	but / yet Ex: He worked hard but he did not pass the exam.
4	Since/ As/Because Ex: As the weather was very bad, we did not go to Cox’s Bazar.	Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ for Ex: (Because of) The weather being very bad, we did not go to Cox’s Bazar.	-----and so----- Ex: The weather was very bad and so we did not go to Cox’s Bazar.
5	after/ before/ when + sub + verb Ex: When you have finished your reading, you go to bed.	After/ Before + verbing   Ex: After finishing your reading, you go to bed.	and Ex: You finish your reading and then you go to bed.
6	When + it is/was + time Ex: When it was dawn, the man died.	at/ in/on/ at the age of + time at (ïay ivZ, Nwoi mgq, Drme, eqm Gi †¶‡Î); in (ivZ Qvov w`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ fvM, gvm, eQi), on (day hy³ mgq); eqm _vK‡j: at the age of Ex: The man died at dawn.	It is/was + time …..and Ex: It was dawn and the man died.
7	When/ While + Subj + Verb Ex: When it was raining, I woke up.	At the time of Ex: At the time of raining, I woke up.	---- and (at that time) Ex: It was raining and (at that time) I woke up.
8	so --------that hy³ Ask bv-†evaK Ex: The sum is so hard that I cannot solve it.	too-------to Ex: The sum is too hard for me to solve.	very----and Ex: The sum is very hard and I cannot solve it.
9	so----that hy³ Ask n¨vu-†evaK Ex: The sum was so easy that I can solve it.	enough---to Ex: The sum was easy enough for me to solve.	very---and Ex: The sum was very easy and I could  solve it.
10	Those + who + be + adjective Ex: Those who are pious are happy.	Those + who + The + adjective + be Ex: The pious are happy.	.....and........ They are pious and happy
11	so that/ in order that + sub + can/ could+ verb Ex: I must finish the work now so that I can go there.	to + verb Ex: I must finish the work now to go there.	sub + want/ wanted to + verb -------and + sub + Ex: I want to go there and so I must finish the work now.
12	verb + why/ when/ where/ how + subject Ex: He asked me why I was delayed.	verb + the reason for/ the time of/ the place of/ the manner (way) of + Ex: He asked me the reason for my being delayed.	----and-----the reason/ the time/ the place/the way (manner) Ex: I was delayed and he asked me the reason.
13	verb + that/ what + sub + verb Ex: He confessed that he was dishonest.	verb+ object/ preposition + object Ex: He confessed his dishonesty.	and Ex: He was dishonest and he confessed it.
14	-----who-----as well Ex:  She who is a singer is a dancer as well.	Besides + noun/ verbing Ex :  Besides being a singer, she is a dancer.	not only ------- but also Ex:  She is not only a singer but also a dancer.
15	As soon as/ no sooner had/ Hardly had/ Scarcely had Ex: As soon as I reached the station, the train left.	At the very time of/ immediately after Ex: At the very time of my reaching the station, the train left.	---and immediately-- Ex: I reached the station and immediately the train left.
16	If/unless+ subject Ex: If you take exercise, you will be healthy. Ex: If you do not read, you will fail.	By (affirmative) Ex : By taking exercise, you will be healthy. Without (negative): Without reading attentively, you will fail. In case of (Subject wfbœ n‡j)	and Ex: Take exercise and (you will) be healthy. Or Ex: Read attentively or fail.

 

Simple to Complex/ Compound  

Simple Sentence-†K Complex ev Compound Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU bZzb Clause MVb Ki‡Z nq Ges Complex Kivi Rb¨ Clause `ywU‡K GKwU Sub-ordinate Conjunction Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq Ges Compound Kivi Rb¨ Clause `ywU‡K GKwU Co-ordinating Conjunction Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq| †hgb:

Simple: Himel is a good student. (Simple)

Complex : Himel is a student who is good.

Compound : Himel is a student and he is good.

Complex/Compound to Simple 

GKwU Complex ev Compound Sentence-†K Simple Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i g–j KvRwU n‡jv `ywU Clause-Gi GKwU‡K †f‡½ †`Iqv| Avgiv GKwU Clause-†K fvO‡Z PvB‡j D³ Clause-Gi Subject wU‡K Zz‡j w`‡Z cvwi ev wfbœiƒ‡c ej‡Z cvwi Ges Finite Verb wU‡KI Zz‡j w`‡Z cvwi ev Nonfinite Ki‡Z cvwi| Complex ev Compound †_‡K Simple Ki‡j †h‡nZz GKwU Clause †f‡½ w`‡Z nq Ges GKwU gvÎ Clause _v‡K ZvB ConjunctionwU e¨env‡ii Avi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

 

Complex : Himel is a student who is good.

Compound : Himel is a student and he is good.

Simple : Himel is a good student.

Dc‡ii Complex ev Compound Sentence wU‡K Simple Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv GKwU Clause (who is good/ and he is good) †f‡½ w`‡qwQ Ges Zv‡K Conjunction wnmv‡e e¨eüZ who/and D‡V †M‡Q|

 Complex to Compound 

Complex †_‡K Compound Ges Compound †_‡K Complex Kivi †¶‡Î †h‡nZz `yB ai‡bi ev‡K¨B `ywU K‡i Clause _v‡K ZvB †Kv‡bv Clause-†K fv½vi ev bZzb K‡i †Kv‡bv Clause MVb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ïay Conjunction cwieZ©b K‡iB Avgiv Complex †_‡K Compound ev Compound †_‡K Complex Ki‡Z cvwi| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq GKwU Clause-Gi †fZ‡i mvgvb¨ wKQz cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|

Complex : Himel is a student who is good.

Compound : Himel is a student and he is good.

Dc‡ii Complex Sentence wU‡Z ‘who’ Relative Pronoun Uv GKw`‡K Pronoun-Gi KvR K‡i‡Q A_©vr Clause-Gi Subject wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Ges Aciw`‡K Conjunction wnmv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q A_©vr `ywU Clause hy³ K‡i‡Q| ZvB Complex †_‡K Compound Kivi mgq ‘who’ Gi e`‡j ‘and’ †K Conjunction Ges ‘he’ †K pronoun wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Compound †_‡K Complex Kivi Rb¨ and Ges he-Gi e`‡j who-†K e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 

 Complex to Simple 

Though/Although Gi cwie‡Z© In spite of/ despite emv‡Z n‡e| GwU †h‡nZz simple sentence ZvB G As‡ki subject GK n‡j ev` hv‡e Avi wfbœ n‡j possessive Ki‡Z n‡e + *verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i evwK Ask wjL‡Z n‡e| Aci Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

(a)  Although they are insolvent, they do not adopt any unfair means to become rich overnight.         (Simple) [SB '17]

      = In spite of being insolvent, they do not adopt any unfair means to become rich overnight.

(b)  Though cricket is a costly game, people of all classes enjoy playing it. [RB '16]

      = In spite of being a costly game, people of all classes enjoy playing it.

(c)  Though women have always worked within household, this is not counted as work. (simple)

      = In spite of women always working within household, this is not counted as work.

Note: Though/Although Gi ci hw` there + be verb _v‡K Z‡e there + be ev` hv‡e|

      Though there was rain, he went to college. (simple)

      = In spite of rain, he went to college.

Avi Though/Although Gi ci be verb + adjective _vK‡j be verb ev` w`‡q adjective wU noun Ki‡j fv‡jv nq|]

Though he was honest, he was blamed. (simple)

= In spite of his honesty, he was blamed.

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki|

(a) Though I ordered half a bottle of champagne, I turned a trifle pale.

      = In spite of my ordering half a bottle of champagne, I turned a trifle pale.

(b) Though Bangladesh has limited natural resources, it has vast human resources.

      = In spite of having limited natural resources, Bangladesh has vast human resources.

(c) They will come though they have no car.

      = They will come in spite of having no car.

(d) Though it was very cold, he went out without warm clothes.

      = In spite of its being very cold, he went out without warm clothes.

(e)   Though it exists, it is difficult to explain.

      = In spite of its existence, it is difficult to explain. [Verb Gi ci †Kv‡bv kã bv _vK‡j Verb wU‡K Noun Kiv fv‡jv|]

Change the following sentences into Simple.

      (a) Though he had no qualifications, he got a good job. (b) Though Jerry was a young boy, he could chop wood like a grown up man. (c) Though she was talkative, I was prepared to be an attentive listener. (d) Though it was early in the year for salmon, I ordered it for my guest. (e) Though Rubel worked very hard, he could not pass the examination. (f) Though Jim and Della were very poor, they had a happy conjugal life. (g) Though there was water everywhere around them, they had not a drop to drink. (h) Though for seven days the old sailor tried to pray, he could not break the sailors’ curse. (i) Though Bangladesh is a populous country, we cannot definitely say that it is overpopulated. (j) The farmers could not grow a good harvest though they worked day and night.

Since/as/because Gi cwie‡Z© because of/for ivL‡Z n‡e Ges Dchy³ wbq‡g cwieZ©b Kiv n‡e| †h‡nZz for/ because of †hvM Ki‡j evK¨wU simple n‡q hv‡e ZvB for/ because of  hy³ evK¨vs‡ki subject GK n‡j ev` hv‡e, Avi wfbœ n‡j subject wU possessive Ki‡Z n‡e (I < my, you < your, he < his, she < her, they < their, we < our) Ges *verb wUi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e|  Ges Aci Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

Note: Z‡e since/as/because hy³ As†k want to/ wanted to _vK‡j because of/ for bv ewm‡q to emv‡Z n‡e Ges subject I want to/ wanted to ev` hv‡e| KviY, GLv‡b KviY cÖKvkK evK¨vskwU D‡Ïk¨m–PK|

(a) Since their physical health has started deteriorating, they need as much care as possible. (simple)

      = Because of their physical health having started deteriorating, they need as much care as possible.

(b) In work place, they prove their worth twice over men’s because/ since they want to survive. (simple)

      = In work place, they prove their worth twice over men’s to survive.

(c)  They are an asset because they have experience and knowledge. (simple)

      = They are an asset because of their experience and knowledge.

(d) He could not come to college yesterday because he was ill.

      = He could not come to college yesterday because of his being ill.

(e)   The farmers had to starve since crops did not grow well.

      = The farmers had to starve because of crops not growing well.

Change the following sentences into Simple.

      (a) You cannot eat any more as you have filled your stomach. (b) Since the sea was frozen, the ice was all around them. (c) As the asters were now gone, she brought me maple leaves. (d) The police refused to enter the house because the owner of the house was not in. (e) Della sold her hair because she desired to buy a gift for Jim. (f) As it was expensive, it was not on the bill of fare. (g) Since the blows were rhythmic, I had forgotten him. (h) Since the weather was very cold, there were no birds and animals in the snow covered country. (i) Since it was early in the year for salmon, it was not on the bill of fare. (j) Since he was needed for work, he had to return at once.

hw` cÖ_g Ask nu¨v †evaK I wØZxq Ask bv †evaK _v‡K Z‡e too ......... to  †hv‡M simple Ki‡Z nq| Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î enough †hv‡M simple Ki‡Z nq|

wbqg : so Gi cwie‡Z© too  em‡e + that ev` + subject GK n‡j ev` hv‡e; Avi wfbœ n‡j for  †hv‡M object n‡e + to + verb †_‡K evwK Ask em‡e|

[Note : Modal auxiliary ev` hv‡e| KviY  to ev preposition Gi ci KL‡bv modal auxilary e‡m bv| negative word ev` hv‡e KviY too wb‡RB negative A_© cÖKvk K‡i|]

Enough : cÖ_g As‡ki ci enough em‡e Ges so ev` hv‡e + wØZxq As‡ki subject GK n‡j ev` hv‡e; Avi wfbœ n‡j for †hv‡M object n‡e + to †hv‡M verb †_‡K wjL‡Z n‡e|

[Note : wØZxq Ask negative word _vK‡j Zv to  Gi Av‡M em‡e modal auxiliary ev` hv‡e|]

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki|

(a) You are so short that you cannot touch the roof.

      = You are too short to touch the roof.

(b) The sailors’ throats were so dry that they could not speak.

      = The sailors’ throats were too dry for them to speak.

(c)   The horse is so wild that the groom cannot control it.

(d) The food is so rich that a baby cannot digest it.

      = The food is too rich for a baby to digest it.

(e)   Sabbir was so small that he could not chop wood well.

      = Sabbir was too small to chop wood well.

Change the following sentences into Simple.

      (a) The old sailor spoke so strangely that the guest could not move. (b) The day is so hot that one cannot go out. (c) The situation was so serious that he could not keep quiet. (d) Jerry was so large hearted that he did many extra works for the authoress. (e) The man was so curious that he read many books. (f) I was so busy that I was a trifle abstracted about the boy. (g) The writer was so young that he could not refuse a woman. (h) The ice is so thick that we cannot walk on it. (i) Jerry was so honest that he admitted his fault. (j) The river is so rough that we cannot cross it.

 cÖ`Ë sentence Gi cÖ_g †_‡K so c–e© ch©š@ e‡m + so †_‡K may/might/can/could ch©š@ D‡V hvq + to e‡m + cÖ`Ë Sentence Gi evwK Ask e‡m|

(a)   Complex : He worked hard so that he could prosper in life.

       Simple : He worked hard to prosper in life.

mgvavb : cÖ`Ë Sentence wUi cÖ_g †_‡K He worked hard ch©š@ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + wbqg Abyhvqx so that  †_‡K he could ch©š@ DwV‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q + wbqg Abyhvqx to emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + evwK Ask A_©vr prosper in life emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

(b)   Complex : I read more so that I can make a good result.

       Simple : I read more in order to make a good result.

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a) The students of RU started agitation so that they could protest the death of Zahirul Haque.

      = The students of RU started agitation to protest the death of Zahirul Haque.

(b)  Hamidur Rahman experimented with basic horizontal and vertical forms so that he could bring out the concept of Bengali solidarity and unity.

      = Hamidur Rahman experimented with basic horizontal and vertical forms to bring out the concept of Bengali solidarity and unity.

(c) They left the village so that they could earn money.

      = They left the village to earn money.

(d) Ayesha Begum started begging so that she could feed herself and her husband.

      = Ayesha Begum started begging to feed herself and her husband.

(e)  Many women now are entering outside workforce so that they can establish an individual identity.

      = Many women now are entering outside workforce to establish an individual identity.

6.10. Change the following sentences into Simple.

      (a) ILO has started a project so that it can impart training to rural women. (b) UNICEF has set up numerous maternity and baby care centres so that it can ensure health of babies and mother. (c) It organizes training programmes so that it can create health workers. (d) Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal so that he could immortalize the memory of his beloved. (e) The old sailor stopped the marriage guest so that he could tell him about his last journey. (f) Muslims go to mosque so that they can say their prayers. (g) Jerry came timely so that he could look after the pet. (h) We work hard so that we can earn money. (i) The lady wrote letters to the writer so that she could flatter him. (j) The farmers sow good seed so that they can have good harvest.

(i) When + it + be + time _vK‡j, when Gi cwie‡Z© at/in/at (the age of ) em‡e + it I be verb ev` hv‡e + Kgv em‡e + Ab¨ Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| Aek¨ Ab¨ Ask Av‡M †jLv hvq †m‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bv Kgv em‡e bv|

(a)  It was 1971 when Bangladesh achieved independence. (Simple) [RB '17]

      = In 1971 Bangladesh achieved independence.

(b)  When it was daylight, he was awakened. (Simple)

      = At daylight, he was awakened.

Or, He was awakened at daylight.

(ii) When/While + subj + verb _vK‡j, When/ While Gi cwie‡Z© at the time of em‡e Ges subj Gi possessive & verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e|

While he was reading, I was playing. (simple)

= At the time of his reading, I was playing.

Change the following sentences into Simple.

      (a) The Padma assumes a terrible shape when it is the rainy season. (b)  When they reached home, the rain started. (c) When it was noon we reached the spot. (d) When it was raining, we went out. (e) You were too young when I met you. (f)  He entered my room when I was reading. (g) Play when it is time to play. (h) When the final bell rang, the students left the classroom.(i) I was hearing music while I was practicing math. (j) When we were playing, they were gossiping.

(a)   Relative pronoun + be + adjective _vK‡j : Relative pronoun I be verb wU ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges adjective wU‡K Zvi wb‡`©wkZ noun wUi Av‡M Avb‡Z n‡e|

       A man who is frugal does not like to spend money without reasons. (Simple) [DB '17]

       = A frugal man does not like to spend money without reasons.

       The farmers who are poor do not get loans on easy terms. (Simple) [CB '17]

       = The poor farmers do not get loans on easy terms.

       The water which is pure is necessary for us. (Simple) [DinajB '17]

       = The pure water is necessary for us.

(b)   Relative Pronoun + be verb + noun Phrase _vK‡j : Relative pronoun I be verb wU‡K ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges noun pharase wUi Av‡M I c‡i Kgv w`‡Z n‡e| GUv‡K appositive e‡j|

       Mr. Rahman who is a professor of Chemistry is known to me. (Simple)

       = Mr. Rahman, a professor of Chemistry, is known to me.

(c)   Relative Pronoun + Ab¨ †Kv‡bv verb g–j verb wn‡m‡e _vK‡j + verb wUi object/ modifier (mgq, ¯’vb, KviY) D‡jÐL _vK‡j H verb wU‡K present participle ev past participle Ki‡Z n‡e| H verb wUi noun KvRwU Ki‡j present participle Avi KvRwU Ab¨ †KD Ki‡j past participle n‡e|

       Rahim who reads at NIC is known to me. (Simple)

       = Rahim reading at NIC is known to me.

       The fan which was bought last year is now out of order. (Simple)

       = The fan bought last year is now out of order.

       Relative Pronoun + Ab¨ †Kv‡bv verb g–j verb wn‡m‡e _vK‡j : verb wUi object/ modifier (mgq, ¯’vb, KviY)  bv _vK‡j verb wU‡K present participle  ev past participle K‡i noun wUi Av‡M wjL‡Z n‡e|

       A dog which barks seldom bites. (Simple)

       = A barking dog seldom bites.

       The window which has been broken should be repaired. (Simple)

       = The broken window should be repaired.

(d)   Verb + why/when/where/ how/who _vK‡j : ConjunctionMy‡jv ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges the reason for (why), the time of (when), the place of (where), the manner of (how), the person (who) wj‡L Subj-Gi possessive Ki‡Z n‡e Ges verb Gi ing n‡e|

       Complex : I don't know when he will come.

       Simple : I don't know the time of her coming.

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a)  The girl who is my sister got the first prize.

      = The girl, my sister, got the first prize.

(b) Jerry who was an orphan boy came to the orphanage at four.

      = Jerry, an orphan boy, came to the orphanage at four.

(c)  I saw the man who was catching fish.

      = I saw the man catching fish.

(d) He sees his own garden which contains more pleasure for him.

      = He sees his own garden containing more pleasure for him.

(e)   I found them all in a cabin which belonged to the orphanage.

      = I found them all in a cabin belonging to the orphanage.

Change the following sentences into Simple.

      (a) The magi who were wise men brought gifts to the babe. (b) The caliph was astonished to see the dervishes who were blind in the left eye. (c) The porter was a young bachelor who lived in the city of Baghdad. (d) The boy who was very poor lost his pen on the way. (e) Jim who was burdened with a family was only twenty two. (f) These French white wines which are very light are wonderful for digestion. (g) Jerry had an imaginary mother who lived in Mannville. (h) My aunt is a doctor who works in a govt hospital. (i) The old sailor saw an albatross which was flying towards the ship. (j) The porter followed the girls into a hall which was wonderfully decorated.

Verb + why/when/where/ how/who _vK‡j : Conjunction My‡jv ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges the reason for (why), the time of (when), the place of (where), the manner of (how), the person (who) wj‡L Subj-Gi possessive Ki‡Z n‡e Ges verb Gi ing n‡e|

Complex : I don't know when he will come.

Simple : I don't know the time of her coming.

Verb + that _vK‡j : that ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges cieZx© Ask‡K Noun Phrase evbv‡Z n‡e| 

I know that he is honest.

=I know about his honesty.

I am glad that he will come.

=I am glad at his coming.

As soon as/No sooner had ev` w`‡q at the very time of/ Immediately after emv‡Z n‡e + Subject Gi possessive Ki‡Z n‡e + Verb Gi ing K‡i †kl ch©š@ wjL‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡e than _vK‡j Zv ev` w`‡q Kgv w`‡Z n‡e|

Complex : No sooner had I gone out than the rain started.

Simple : Immediately after my going out, the rain started.

If hy³ ev Unless hy³ As‡ki subject hw` GK nq Z‡e simple Kivi Rb¨ if ev unless ev` hv‡e Ges Zvi cwie‡Z© without (negative n‡j)/by (affirmative n‡j) em‡e + subject Gi possessive + verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e| Ges Ab¨ Ask †hLv‡bB _vKzK AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

1.    Complex : If he does not take medicine, he will die.

       = Simple : Without taking medicine, he will die.

2.    Complex : If you do not read attentively, you will fail.

       = Simple : Without reading attentively, you will fail.

       j¶Yxq :  Subject GKB n‡j simple Ki‡Z without/ by Gi mv‡_ subject wjL‡Z n‡e bv

Subject wfbœ n‡j simple Kivi mgq in case of e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

Complex : If you do not come, I will punish him.

Simple : In case of your not coming, I will punish him.

Cleft Sentence †K Simple Kivi wbqg :

Cleft Sentence †K simple Kivi mgq cleft sentence MVbKvix kãmg–n + Relative Pronoun + be verb wU‡K ev` w`‡q evwK Ask †jL‡Z nq| †hgbÑ

It is health which is wealth. = Health is wealth. The reason why I have come here is to discuss my future with you. = I have come to discuss my future with you. What we need now is food and shelter. = We need food and shelter now.

GKwU simple sentence Gi †Kv‡bv GKwU Ask‡K †Rvi †`Iqvi Rb¨ cleft sentence e¨envi Kiv nq| Cleft Sentence Structure e¨envi Ki‡j sentence wU complex nq| mvaviYZ "The reason Why, The thing that, It is .... that, What clause w`‡q G RvZxq sentence kyi“ nq|

Change the following sentences into Simple.

(a) If I get a pay rise, I will buy a new car. (b) If you did not leave your job, you could not travel around the world. (c) If you were nicer to him, he might lend you the money. (d) If I had not revised, I would not have passed my exam. (e) If we had gone out earlier, we might have got to the cinema on time. (f) If I was not told before there was a problem, I could have been in trouble. (g) If you study hard, your English will improve. (h) If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a plane. (i) If you do not practise more, you will not perform well. (j) If he travelled by train, he would enjoy the trip more.

 Compound to Simple 

Not only... but also hy³ compound sentence †K simple Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g subj ev` w`‡q Not only Gi cwie‡Z© besides ewm‡q but also Gi c–e© ch©š@ wjL‡Z n‡e Ges Kgv w`‡Z n‡e| + not only Gi c–‡e©i Ask + but also ev` w`‡q Zvi c‡ii Ask em‡e|

Compound : He plays not only football but also cricket.

Simple : Besides football, he plays cricket.

Compound : Rahim not only ate rice but also drank coffee.

Simple : Besides eating rice, Rahim drank coffee.

Change the following sentences into Simple.

      (a) He not only used a fictitious example but also reproduced it. (b) The street door of the rooming-house was not only unlocked but wide open. (c) Chandni wrote not only stories but also dramas. (d) The shape of Cleopatra’s nose influences not only wars, but ideologies. (e) The article was not only based on a lengthy interview with Kidd but also on discussions with other figures. (f) The controversy not only damages sales but also shareholder’s confidence. (g) My son wants not only a mobile phone but also a computer. (h) He not only obtained adequate qualification but also got very good results of Master course. (i) They not only took the decision but also executed it. (j) I missed not only my parents but also my friends.

cÖ_‡g In spite of/ despite emv‡Z n‡e| c‡ii As‡k subject _vK‡j G As‡ki subject †K possessive Ki‡Z n‡e Z‡e c‡ii As‡k subject bv _vK‡j subject wU‡K ev` w`‡e + *verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i evwK Ask wjL‡Z n‡e+ But w`‡Z n‡e + Gi ci subject bv _vK‡j 1g Ask †_‡K Avb‡Z n‡e  Ges evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki|  

(a)  Della bargained hard with the shopkeepers but could not save enough money.

      = In spite of bargaining hard with the shopkeepers, Della could not save enough money.

(b)  Mr. Matin has vast knowledge but was not selected.

      = In spite of having vast knowledge, Mr. Matin was not selected.

(c)  The bird was innocent but the ancient mariner shot it one day.

      = In spite of the bird being innocent, the ancient mariner shot it one day.

(d)  Mr. Asif had good qualification but did not get a suitable job.

      = In spite of having good qualification, Mr. Asif did not get a suitable job.

(e)  He has no peace of mind but has much riches.

      = In spite of having much riches he has no peace of mind.

(f)   It rained heavily but there was no flood.

      = In spite of raining heavily, there was no flood.

(g) He cried aloud but I could not hear him.

      = In spite of his crying aloud, I could not hear him.

Change the following sentences into Simple.

      (a) The information quoted in the production section is the best but cannot be considered absolute. (b) This is a useful rule but difficult to remember. (c) Ibrahim lost a fortune in the stock market but he still seems able to live quite comfortably. (d) The club never invested foolishly but used the services of a sage investment counselor. (e) We swam all morning but finished in the afternoon. (f) They were awarded but they refused to receive it. (g) You tried hard to control the car but failed finally. (h) The doctor planned to drug the patient but he prescribed some test at first. (i) I met him last night but could not recognize him. (j) Joe left the decision on you but secretly did everything.

Subject wfbœ n‡j cÖ_g As‡k because of emv‡Z n‡e + subject †K possessive Ki‡Z n‡e + verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i evwK Ask wjL‡Z n‡e + and ev` w`‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a)  They gave food and water to the albatross and it became very tame.

      = Because of their giving food and water to the albatross, it became very tame.

(b)  The albatross brought good luck and the sailors were pleased to see it.

      = Because of the albatross bringing good luck, the sailors were pleased to see it.

(c)  His courtesy was instinctive and he did not utter “Thank you”.

      = He did not utter “Thank you”  because of his courtesy being instinctive.

(d)  The days had become cold and I often let him come inside the cabin.

      = I often let him come inside the cabin because of the days becoming cold. 

(e) Jerry was very honest and the writer loved him very much.

      = Because of Jerry being very honest, the writer loved him very much.

Z‡e 2q As‡ki  Subject hw` 1g As‡ki Object †K eySvq Z‡e, cÖ_g Ask + 2q As‡ki subject ev` hv‡e + verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i evwK Ask wjL‡Z n‡e|

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a)  I lived in a cabin and it belonged to the orphanage.

      = I lived in a cabin belonging to the orphanage.

(b)  Mr Ahmed is a doctor and works in the Middle East.

      = Mr Ahmed is a doctor working in the Middle East.

(c)  I saw a drunken porter and he lay on the floor.

      = I saw a drunken porter lying on the floor.

(d)  I saw a girl and she was carrying water.

      = I saw a girl carrying water.

(e)  I watched the train and it was leaving the station.

      = I watched the train leaving the station.

c‡ii As‡k subject bv _vK‡j, cÖ_g As‡ki subject ev` hv‡e + verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i evwK Ask wjL‡Z n‡e+  and ev` w`‡Z n‡e + 1g Ask †_‡K subject Avb‡Z n‡e  Ges evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a)  She closed the door and went back to work.

      = Closing the door, she went back to work.

(b)  Della sold her hair and bought a platinum fob chain.

      = Selling her hair, Della bought a platinum fob chain.

(c)  He finished the work and submitted the bill.

      = Finishing the work, she submitted the bill.

(d)  The guest stood still and listened to the sailors.

      = Standing still, the guest listened to the sailors.

(e)  She had read a book of mine and written to me about it.

      = Having read a book of mine, she had written to me about it.

Change the following sentences into Simple.

      (a)  Della was slender and mastered the art. (b) Della finished her cry and got a makeup.(c)She whirled from the window and stood before the glass. (d) I looked at the fading flower and was sad. (e) We stand in front of the graves and bow down our heads. (f) He was innocent and did not ran away. (g) We aimed to win the final and worked very hard.

In spite of/ despite Gi cwie‡Z© though/although em‡e + hw` †Kv‡bv possessive _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K subject Ki‡Z n‡e; Avi possessive bv _vK‡j Aci As‡ki subject †K cybivq wjL‡Z + ing-hy³ verb wU‡K tense Abymv‡i wjL‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e| Aci Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

In spite of dreaming about being a doctor, she now faces a life of household chores. [complex]

= Though she dreamt about being a doctor, she now faces a life of household chores.

Note : †Kv‡bv ing-hy³ verb †`qv bv _vK‡j GKwU be verb tense Abymv‡i em‡e + cÖ`Ë noun wU‡K adjective Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Ki‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e

In spite of his poverty, he will give you financial help. (complex)

= Though he is poor, he will give you financial help.

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a)  The boy seems to be lonely in spite of having many brothers and sisters.

      = The boy seems to be lonely though he has many brothers and sisters.

(b)  The boy could not do well in the examination in spite of having good merit.

      = The boy could not do well in the examination though he had good merit.

(c)  In spite of working very hard, she could not succeed.

      = Though she worked very hard, she could not succeed.

(d)  Siraj is unhealthy in spite of being active.

      = Siraj is unhealthy though he is active.

(e)  In spite of being not hungry, the lady did not mind asparagus.

      = Though the lady was not hungry, she did not mind asparagus.

Change the following sentences into complex.

      (a) In spite of water everywhere around them, they had not a drop to drink. (b) In spite of being very poor, Jim and Della presented each other on the Christmas gift. (c) In spite of trying to pray, the ancient mariner could not break the sailors' curse. (d) In spite of many rivers in Bangladesh, she faces scarcity of water. (e) Jerry chops wood excellently in spite of being short in size. (f) In spite of being nice, the flower does not smell sweet. (g) In spite of being learned, he did not shine in life. (h) He was not punished in spite of behaving rough. (i) In spite of bargaining hard with the shopkeeper, Della could not save enough money. (j) In spite of having vast knowledge, Mr. Matin was not selected.

For/because of Gi cwie‡Z© since/ as/ because em‡e + hw` †Kv‡bv possessive _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K subject Ki‡Z n‡e; Avi possessive bv _vK‡j Aci As‡ki subject †K cybivq wjL‡Z + ing hy³ verb wU‡K tense Abymv‡i wjL‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e| Aci Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

Note : †Kv‡bv verb bv †`qv _vK‡j GKwU be verb/ have verb tense Abymv‡i em‡e + cÖ`Ë noun wU‡K adjective Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Ki‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e|

Note : because †hvM Ki‡j because hy³ Ask (KviY cÖKvkK Ask) c‡i emv‡Z nq|

(a)   Because of our socioeconomic condition being poor, most people have no access to education. (complex)

       = Since our socioeconomic condition is poor, most people have no access to education.

(b)   They are an asset because of their experience and knowledge. (complex)

       = They are an asset because they have experience and knowledge.

(c) Because of being intelligent, Sumi can win a scholarship.

      = Since Sumi is intelligent, she can win a scholarship.

(d) Mr. Zahed is very strong because of taking regular exercise.

      = Mr. Zahed is very strong as he takes regular exercise.

(e)  Because of having merits, the boy is praised by all.

      = As the boy has merits, he is praised by all.

Change the following sentences into complex.

      (a) Because of being very wise, Imran can be selected for the job. (b) He was saved because of his friend being alert. (c) Because of being delayed, he missed the train. (d) Because of being careful, I avoided the danger. (e) The magi invented the art of giving Christmas present because of being wise. (f) Because of being punctual, Jerry was loved by the authoress. (g) Because of heavy rainfall, I could not go out. (h) He could not attend the office because of being severely ill. (i) Because of having an ill health, he could not work properly. (j) Mr. Moshiur plays basket ball very well because of being tall.

Participle hy³ verb wUi KvR nIqvi ci Ab¨ As‡ki KvRwU n‡q‡Q eySv‡j :

participle hy³ As‡ki ïi“‡Z when/ after em‡e + subject D‡j­L _vK‡j e‡m; Avi bv _vK‡j Aci As‡ki subject wU      cybivq wjL‡Z n‡e + verb wU Aci As‡ki tense Abymv‡i em‡e| (*past participle _vK‡j g–j verb wUi past participle n‡e Ges Zvi c–‡e© tense Abymv‡i be verb em‡e|)  Aci Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

Participle hy³ Ask KviY eySv‡j :

when bv ewm‡q since emv‡Z n‡e|

Being reassured, they returned home. (complex)

= Since they were reassured, they returned home.

Ing hy³ verb hw` Zvi c–‡e©i Noun/ Pronoun m¤^‡Ü Z_¨ †`q Z‡e :

cÖ_g Ask wjL‡e + H Ing hy³ verb wUi c–‡e© who/ which/ that em‡e +  verb wU Aci As‡ki tense Abymv‡i em‡e + evwK Ask

I saw a boy playing in the field.

= I saw a boy who was playing in the field.

Change the following sentences into complex.

(a)   Being the best friend of him, I never miss to celebrate his success. (b) Being a good comic actor, Mr. Bean is very popular to the kids. (c) Being the captain of the team, Mushfiq was the most appreciated for the historic win. (d) He was trapped inside the burning house. (e) Leaving all the relations behind, he went to Spain to live with his wife. (f) I found Rashed eating the last of leftover pizza. (g) Getting everything well arranged, mother felt a kind of satisfaction. (h) The film earned everyone's appreciation being based on the frailties prevalent in the society and its artists' lifelike performance. (i) We listened to him singing a lullaby. (j) The blowing and drifting snow made the trip difficult.

 

 

Preposition ev` hv‡e Ges Zvi cwie‡Z© when + it + be verb + mgq em‡e| evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| Aek¨ when gv‡SI emv‡bv hvq|

We became independent in 1971. (complex)

= We became independent when it was 1971.

There is often flood in Bangladesh in the rainy season.

= There is often flood in Bangladesh when it is rainy season.

Change the following sentences into complex.

      (a) Napoleon fled to Paris and abdicated for the second time on June 22. (b) I came back here in 2007. (c) The police arrested him in the midnight. (d) She likes to jog in the morning. (e) It's too cold in winter to run outside. (f) He started the job in 1971. (g) He is going to quit in August. (h) He was elected as the chairman of the organization at the age of 72. (i) The partition of India took place in 1947. (j) I last visited here at the age of 14.

cÖ_‡g too Gi RvqMvq so e‡m, GQvov to Gi c–e© ch©š@ Avi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv + that e‡m + cÖ_g subject Avev‡iv e‡m + tense Abyhvqx cannot/could not e‡m + to D‡V hvq + evwK Ask e‡m|

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a)  He is too weak to move.

      = He is so weak that he cannot move.

(b)  Jerry was too honest to show excuse.

      = Jerry was so honest that he could not show excuse.

(c)   The scene of the accident is too terrible for me to describe it.

      = The scene of the accident is so terrible that I cannot describe it.

(d)  The weather was too foul for us to go out for a walk.

      = The weather was so foul that we could not go out for a walk.

(e)  The boy is too weak to walk.

      = The boy is so weak that he cannot walk.

Change the following sentences into complex.

      (a) Della saved too small an amount to buy Jim a nice gift. (b) I was too young to learn to say ‘no’ to a woman. (c) They walked too slowly to catch the bus. (d) He is too fool to understand the matter. (e) Mr. Habib is too strict an administrator to tolerate any indiscipline in the college. (f) The lady guest was too greedy to check her temptation. (g) The girl is too silly to realize even a simple thing. (h) Foyot’s was too expensive a restaurant for the writer to think of going there. (i) He speaks too slowly to be easily heard. (j) He ran too fast for me to overtake him. 

Adjective Gi c–‡e© so em‡e + enough to ev` hv‡e + bZzb subject em‡e + verb + evwK Ask em‡e|

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a) He is strong enough to lift the load. (complex)

      = He is so strong that he can lift the load.

(b) She didn't run fast enough to catch the bus.

      = She didn’t run so fast that she could catch the bus.

(c)  She was stupid enough to go out with him.

      = She was so stupid that she could go out with him.

(d) He is old enough to travel alone.

      = He is so old that he can travel alone.

(e)   None are strong enough to win the World Cup.

      = None are so strong that they can win the World Cup.

(f)   Some people are not assertive enough to ask for help.

      = Some people are not so assertive that they can ask for help.

cÖ`Ë Sentence Gi cÖ_g †_‡K to  Gi c–e© ch©š@ e‡m + so that  e‡m + cÖ_g subject KZ©v cybivq e‡m + tense  Abyhvqx may/can A_ev might/could e‡m (present tense n‡j may/can Ges past tense n‡j might/could e‡m + to  Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m|

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a)  Della sold her hair to buy a gift for Jim. (complex)

      = Della sold her hair so that she could buy a gift for Jim.

(b)  He works hard to shine in life. (complex)

      = He works hard so that he may shine in life.

(c)   I went to the field to enjoy the game.

      = I went to the field so that I could enjoy the game.

(d) Jerry refused to take the money to repair the broken axe handle at his own cost.

      = Jerry refused to take the money so that he could repair the broken axe handle at his own cost.

(e)   The sailors gave the albatross food and water to tame it.

      = The sailors gave the albatross food and water so that they could tame it.

(f)   I saved some money to buy a good house.

      = I saved some money so that I could buy a good house.

(g) They open a hospital to give free treatment to the poor.

      = They open a hospital so that they can give free treatment to the poor.

Change the following sentences into complex.

      (a) Della went to Madame Sofrone to sell her hair. (b) Jim sold his gold watch to get money to buy combs for Della. (c) He spoke loudly enough for the audience to hear him. (d) I closed the door of my room for him to enter my room. (e) Sohel went to Cyprus to get higher education.  (f) They are not capable enough to maintain a good relation with their friends. (g) Rashed is intelligent enough to handle the situation. (h) You are strong enough to beat him. (i) She is learned enough to educate them. (j) No man is good enough to govern any woman without her consent.

Simple sentence Gi subject/object hw` GK k‡ãi nq A_©vr extension Kivi hw` †Kv‡bv scope bv _v‡K Z‡e cÖ_‡g it is + wjL‡Z n‡e + subject/ object  Gi †hUv Myi“Z¡c–Y© Zv wjL‡Z n‡e + relative pronoun wjL‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask|

Simple : Health is wealth.

Complex : It is health which is wealth.

Change the following sentences into complex.

      (a) Air is invisible. (b) Kim is an actress. (c) Harry Potter was a highly unusual boy. (d) Your future is assured. (e) Life is full of struggle.

By Gi cwie‡Z© If Ges Without Gi cwie‡Z© Unless em‡e + Aci As‡ki Subject †K cybivq wjL‡Z n‡e + verb wUi  ing ev` hv‡e Ges Tense Abyhvqx em‡e| Ges Ab¨ Ask †hLv‡bB _vKzK AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|

1.    Complex : If he does not take medicine, he will die.

       = Simple : Without taking medicine, he will die.

2.    Complex : If you do not read attentively, you will fail.

       = Simple : Without reading attentively, you will fail.

Change the following sentences into complex.

(a)   Without the help of her sister, she would become helpless. (b) By taking stern steps, hijacking can be stopped. (c) By leaking question paper, the dishonest people will destroy the future of the nation. (d) Without spreading our helping hands, it would not be possible for them to survive. (e) Without getting much information, it will bring an adverse effect to you. (f) By winning the match, they would prove their competence. (g) Without doing something valiant for the nation, our life will not be successful. (h) Without having enough strength, you cannot beat him. (i) Without being polite, you will not achieve fame. (j) By adopting unfair means in the examination, one will smash his own future.

 

Noun Gi Av‡M/ c‡i adjective/ participle/ appositive/ prepositional phrase-hy³ Simple Sentence †K Complex Kivi wbqg :  

(a)   Adjective + noun : G ai‡bi phrase †K complex Kivi Rb¨ noun wUi c‡i Relative pronoun + be verb (tense Abymv‡i) + adjective wU wjL‡Z n‡e|

       The target of a frugal man is to save money for future. [DB'17]

       = The target of a man who is frugal is to save money for future.

       I need a red pen.

       =I need a pen which is red.

(b)   †Kv‡bv noun Gi ci appositive _vK‡j Zv‡K complex  Kivi Rb¨ noun I appositive Gi gv‡S Relative pronoun + be verb (tense)  Abymv‡i emv‡Z n‡e| Kgv ev` hv‡e|

       Rahman, a professor of chemistry, is known to me. (Complex)

       = Rahman who is a professor of chemistry is known to me.

(c)    †Kv‡bv noun Gi Av‡M ev c‡i present participle _vK‡j noun wUi ci Relative pronoun + present participle-wU verb wnmv‡e Tense Abymv‡i emv‡Z n‡e|

       Sohel reading at NIC is known to me. (complex)

       = Sohel who reads (is reading) at NIC is known to me.

(d)   †Kv‡bv noun Gi Av‡M ev c‡i past participle _vK‡j  noun wUi c‡i Relative Pronoun + be verb (Tense Abymv‡i) + g–j verb wU past participle n‡e|

       The window broken yesterday should be repaired. (Complex)

       = The window which was broken yesterday should be repaired.

       The broken window should be repaired.

       =The window which has been broken should be repaired.

(e)   Subject + verb + object + participle †K wb‡Pi wbq‡g Complex Kiv hvq :

       cÖ_‡g Subject + verb + that + object wU subject n‡e + be verb wU Aci verb wUi tense Abymv‡i em‡e + evKx Ask|

       I saw a man coming towards me. (complex)

       = I saw + that + a man + was + coming towards me.

(f)    Subject + verb + object (past participle  _vK‡j) Dc‡ii wbq‡gB Ki‡Z n‡e Z‡e GKUz cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| j¶ Ki :

cÖ_‡g Subject + verb + that + object wU subject n‡e + GKwU AwZwi³ be verb  Aci verb wUi tense Abymv‡i em‡e + g–j verb wUi past participle n‡e + evwK Ask|

I felt my leg broken. (Complex)

= I felt that my leg was (had been) broken.

(g)   Noun Gi c‡i prepositional phrase _vK‡j noun Gi c‡i Relative pronoun + be verb (tense Abymv‡i) + evwK Ask e‡m|

Our Parliament House at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar in Dhaka is a magnificient building.

= Our Parliament House which is at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar in Dhaka is a magnificient building.

Change the following sentences into complex.

      (a) I got the letter posted. (b) They found him injured. (c) He found the article edited. (d) They discovered the box locked. (e) We saw the thief arrested.

Dc‡i Avgiv Simple †_‡K Complex Kiv wk‡LwQ| Simple †_‡K Complex Ki‡Z cvi‡j Simple †_‡K Compund Kiv RwUj welq bq| KviY Compund I Complex Gi MVb GKB iKg; ïay cv_©K¨ n‡jv Conjunction Gi †¶‡Î| A_v©r cÖ_‡g Complex MVb Ki‡e Ges Conjunction wU ev` w`‡q gv‡S and emv‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡e though Gi cwie‡Z© and bv ewm‡q but emv‡Z n‡e| AviI GKwU D‡j­L‡hvM¨ welq nj KviY cÖKvkK Ask ev †h KvRwU Av‡M m¤•bœ nq †m KvRwU Aek¨B cÖ_‡g wjL‡Z n‡e| GQvovI, Subject ev Subject + Verb hw` GK nq Z‡e Zv wØZxqevi wjL‡Z n‡e bv|

(a) Realising it we should try to be emotionally balanced. [DinajB'16]

      = We should realise it and try to be emotionally balanced.

(b) Because of dense fog, the writer delayed to return.

      = There was dense fog and the writer delayed to return.

(c)   Because of being weak, the old man could not walk.

      = The old man was weak and could not walk.

(d) Because of being lazy, he could not pass the examination.

      = He was lazy and could not pass the examination.

(e)   I was saved because of showing a true love for all living things.

      = I showed a true love for all living things and was saved. [Compound Sentence G KviY cÖKvkK Ask Av‡M wjL‡Z nq|]

(f)   Because of being slow, I could not get the train.

      = I was slow and I could not get the train.

(g) Della became very nervous because of hearing Jim’s foot steps on the stair.

      = Della heard Jim’s foot steps on the stair and became very nervous.

(h) The other sailors blamed the old man because of killing the albatross.

      = The old sailor killed the albatross and the other sailors blamed him.

(i)   Because of their being close to me, I can rely on them.

      = They are close to me and I can rely on them.

(j)   In spite of being poor, he is honest.

      = He is poor but (he is) honest. [1g As‡k he is _vKvq 2q As‡k he is cybivq †jLv nqwb|]

6.26. Change the following sentences into compound.

      (a) Because of being poor, they cannot save money for their future. (b) Rimel was selected because of his talent. (c) Because of having much money, Mr. Rasel bought a car. (d) The water was purified because of containing germs. (e) Sara was fired of her job because of her being lazy. (f) Because of his being sincere and honest, Mr. Rabindranath was awarded. (g) He failed in the test because of his not being sincere. (h) Because of terrible cyclone, the ship sank. (i) The boy was taken to task because of hiding the truth. (j) The book was not sold much because of some wrong information.

 

 

Conjunction wU ev` w`‡q gv‡S and emv‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡e though Gi cwie‡Z© and bv ewm‡q but emv‡Z n‡e| AviI GKwU D‡j­L‡hvM¨ welq nj, KviY cÖKvkK Ask ev †h KvRwU Av‡M m¤•bœ nq †m KvRwU Aek¨B cÖ_‡g wjL‡Z n‡e| GQvovI, Subject ev Subject + Verb hw` GK nq Z‡e Zv wØZxq evi wjL‡Z n‡e bv|

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :

(a) Although I do not like gathering, I enjoy the activities of this day. [DB '16]

      = I do not like gathering but I enjoy the activities of this day. 

(b) As love is divine, everybody wants to love. [CtgB '16]

      = Love is divine and everybody wants to love.

(c)   I was saved becasue I showed a true love for all living things.

      = I showed a true love for all living things and I was saved.

(d) Her husband is so old that he cannot work.

      = Her husband is very old and cannot work.

(e)   Sakhina’s husband earns so small an amount of money that he cannot pay for children’s education.

      = Sakhina’s husband earns a very small amount of money and cannot pay for children’s education.

Compound Kivi Rb¨ when ev` hv‡e Ges Kgv D‡V wM‡q and em‡e|

Complex : When it was daylight, he was awakened.

Compound : It was daylight and he was awakened.

If hy³ Complex sentence †K Compound Kivi Rb¨ Dfq As‡ki subject ev` hv‡e Ges gv‡S and em‡e| Z‡e Dfq As‡ki subject you n‡j or w`‡q compound Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wØZxq As‡k cybivq Subject †jL‡Z n‡e bv|

(a)    If he does not take medicine, he will die.

       = He does not take medicine and he will die.

(b)   If you do not read attentively, you will fail.

       = Read attentively or fail.

Change the following sentences into compound.

      (a) Most of the people are so poor that they cannot pay for the children’s education. (b) The illiterate poor hold so firm a belief in fate that they do not try to overcome poverty. (c) Though Mr. Asif had good qualification, he did not get a suitable job. (d) He has no peace of mind though he has much riches. (e) Though it rained heavily, there was no flood. (f) The news was so shocking that it was hardly believed. (g) Though the rain stopped, they could not resume the match. (h) As he has become rich, he is sure to lose his mental peace. (i) He was arrested wrongly though he was fully innocent. (j) It was so strong that nobody could break it. (k) The thief entered our house when we were sleeping. (l) If you do not listen to your teachers, you will be punished.

      Compound Sentence ‡K Complex Kivi Rb¨ g–jZ Compound Sentence Gi Conjunction wU‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| wb‡Pi wbqgMy‡jv j¶ Ki:

     

(i)   Compound Sentence wUi GKwU Ask KviY ev mgq wb‡`©k Ki‡j Complex Sentence Gi kyi“‡Z Since/ As/ When e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Ges gv‡Si and D‡V wM‡q Kgv (,) e‡m|

      (a)  The heart is formed for love and cannot be happy without the opportunity of giving and         receiving love. [CtgB '16]

            = As the heart is formed for love, it cannot be happy without the opportunity of giving and          receiving love.

      (b)  As he loved his wife Mumtaj very much, he built it as a tomb of his dear wife. [SB '16]

            = He loved his wife Mumtaj very much and built it as a tomb of his dear wife.

      (c)  It was midnight and you were still outside home.

            = When it was midnight, you were still outside home.

      (d)  The man is a stranger and we should not believe him instantly.

            = As the man is a stranger, we should not believe him instantly.

(ii)  Compound Sentence Gi cÖ_g AskwU kZ© cÖKvk Ki‡j Complex Sentence Gi kyi“‡Z If e‡m| Gici Subject e‡m Ges and D‡V wM‡q Kgv (,) e‡m| Avi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| 

      (a)  Practice regularly and you will have a good command of English.

            = If you practice regularly, you will have a good command of English.

      (b)  Listen to your teachers and you will do well in the exam.

            = If you listen to your teachers, you will do well in the exam.

     

      If + Subject + do not e‡m Ges or D‡V wM‡q Kgv (,) e‡m| Avi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|

            Take him to the hospital now or he will die.

            = If you do not take him hospital now, he will die.

     

      ev‡K¨i kyi“‡Z though/ although e‡m Ges but D‡V wM‡q Kgv (,) e‡m| Avi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|

      (a)  Bangladesh is a test playing country but its standard is not high. [RB '16]

            = Though Bangladesh is a test playing country, its standard is not high.

      (b)  The king had a lot but he wanted more and more.

            = Though the king had a lot, he wanted more and more.

      (c)  It disturbed him but he did not know the reason.  [JB '16]

            = Though it disturbed him, he did not know the reason.

?Production_{..............................................................................................................................................................................................}

(i)   Change the following sentences into Complex:

(a) We need flowers to decorate a place. (b) We should read books to gain knowledge. (c) Mangoes are ripe in the summer. (d) He wants to be a doctor to serve people. (e) There is a large flower garden in front of the school. (f) Health is wealth. (g) It is too poor to imagine. (h) During his life time, he spent money lavishly to help the poor. (i) It lies in every phase of our society. (j) The farmers work hard to support themselves. (k) Bangladesh is a test playing country but its standard is not high. (l) But today many of them lead a very miserable life. (m) The postman is a familiar figure. (n) A fool was sitting by the side of a village road. (o) Once upon a time there was a girl named Jasmine.

(ii)  Change the following sentences into Complex :

(a) During the rainy season the Padma assumes a terrible shape. (b) Tourists from home and abroad visit its shore to enjoy themselves. (c) Truthfulness may lead the whole world to peace and happiness. (d) One should be truthful to succeed in life. (e) Once there was a king named Lear. (f) She saw a young man playing on his flute. (g) People in general are fond of glittering things. (h) She bought a dheki to husk rice. (i) The heart is formed for love and cannot be happy without the opportunity of giving and receiving love. (j) Once there lived a poor and old woman. (k) She wanted Buddha to bring her dead child to life. (l) For boys and girls Durga Puja has a special charm. (m) A good student should be conscious of politics but should not be the cat's paw of the shrewd politicians. (n) Clean air is important for life. (o) Honesty is a great virtue.

 

(iii) Change the following sentences into Simple :

(a) As the demand for flowers is increasing day by day, we should cultivate flowers on commercial basis. (b) If we read books, we can enrich our minds. (c) It is man who is the maker of his own fortune. (d) One night when he was saying his prayer, a thief broke into his room. (e) The persons in the high rank of the society are involved in corruption and have become millionaires. (f) Though cricket is a costly game, people of all classes enjoy playing it. (g) If we take proper steps, their condition may improve. (h) Every day we see him when he goes in a khaki dress. (i) The minister then asked what his occupation was. (j) People, who live in the village are mainly farmers. (k) He sits to read when it is time to read. (l) He learns his lessons when it is time to learn. (m) When it is summer, it becomes emaciated. (n) One day she went to countryside and she was accompanied by her friends. (o) Gold is a metal which is very precious.

(iv) Change the following sentences into Simple :

(a) She had none who could look after her. (b) When the goddess Durga comes everyone must shake off his own sorrows and troubles. (c) All the people come together and celebrate the festival. (d) He who is taken by anger causes a lot of troubles. (e) The national memorial which is at Savar is a symbol of the nation's respect. (f) One thing that pollutes air is smoke. (g) My brother was honest for which he was rewarded. (h) I know the man who came here. (i) People who love food can taste local as well as foreign food. (j) In a family of five or six children the parents have to send some of their kids to work so that they can fill their empty stomach. (k) A man who leads an idle life brings misery for his life. (l) He was not only wise but also famous. (m) People who come from home and abroad enjoy its beauty very much. (n) He entered the kingdom of the prince and captured a large village. (o) Young people spend much time before TV and waste their precious time.

(v)  Change the following sentences into Compound :

(a) Selling these mangoes, people earn a lot of money. (b) Many do not try to better their condition by hard labour. (c) By reading books, we can enrich our minds. (d) Though a healthy man is an asset to his family, an unhealthy man is a liability. (e) Though he is a low paid employee, his responsibility is great. (f) Seeing the strange appearance of the fool, he asked him about the reason of his action. (g) Though she was a nice little girl, she was not an ordinary child. (h) When I reached there, my friend received me cordially. (i) Although it may not make one rich, it brings peace of mind. (j) He had a daughter whom he loved very much. (k) But there are some other metals looking like gold. (l) In spite of her working very hard there was happiness in her heart. (m) As love is divine, everybody wants love. (n) He always advised his sons to respect their teachers. (o) As they get a long vacation from schools, they enjoy the festival with childlike mirth.

(vi) Change the following sentences into Compound :

(a) He came to a house to ask for something to eat. (b) Finding a large thorn, he pulled it out. (c) Sometimes this jam is so acute that it blocks more than a kilometre of a street. (d) Attracted by such reports she came to test the king. (e) While pondering he noticed some bees humming for honey in a withered rose. (f) Being very angry he began to whip her cruelly. (g) The earth being round, we meet again. (h) The farmer was very excited to see the golden egg. (i) But the farmer was greedy enough to have all the eggs in a day. (j) Once upon a time, there lived a certain merchant who had seven daughters. (k) I get my living by my own fortune. (l) It gives both pleasure and the contentment of mind. (m) As angling is my hobby, I usually catch fish with a fishing line. (n) Watching violent movies, young people become violent. (o) They had no food to satisfy their hunger.